Abstract
Fermentation endpoint prediction is important in ale brewing because inaccurate timing can affect attenuation, flavour stability, tank scheduling, and product consistency. This study examines real-time density tracking as a practical method for improving fermentation endpoint prediction. Controlled ale fermentations were monitored using inline density measurements under fixed wort composition, yeast strain, pitching rate, oxygenation, and temperature conditions. Density decline, sugar consumption, ethanol formation, pH change, yeast growth, attenuation, carbon dioxide evolution, and fermentation duration were evaluated. The results show that real-time density tracking provided a clear profile of fermentation progress and improved detection of slowing sugar conversion during late fermentation. Endpoint prediction was more reliable when density trends were interpreted with pH and temperature stability data. Abnormal batches showed delayed density reduction and extended residual extract. The study demonstrates that density-based monitoring can support faster production decisions, reduce unnecessary tank holding time, and improve ale fermentation consistency.