Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) employ microbial communities as biocatalysts, where organic substrates are oxidized and the resulting electron–proton flows are harnessed to both degrade contaminants and produce electrical energy. Optimization studies indicate that a Pt-Fe/C composite catalyst is employed at the anode, along with graphite felt as the cathode, while modifications such as MWNT modification or ammonia pretreatment are applied at the anode. The MFC operates effectively within a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 and is capable of treating various types of wastewater. In the denitrification system, the removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen reaches 91.35%, and the Cr(VI) removal rate at Ana-B cathodes is 97.05%; this coupling technology addresses existing limitations. Microbial fuel cells offer significant environmental and energy benefits. Future advancements in MFCs should prioritize the development of low-cost electrodes for practical engineering applications.